What causes day and night?
What causes day and night? When the Earth revolves around the Sun it rotates. When it rotates half of the Earth gets light. For example: if Utah is facing the sun it is day, but when the Earth rotates 180 degrees, Utah isn't facing the Sun which causes night.
What causes the seasons?
You've probably heard that the North Star points North, but why? It is because the Earth's axis (an invisible line running through Earth) always points to the North Star. When the Earth revolves around the Sun, the Earth can phase towards the Sun or away from the Sun. For Utah when the Earth leans toward the Sun we're getting more direct sunlight causing summer. In Australia when the Earth leans toward the Sun it is winter because it is getting less direct sunlight. When Earth is leaning away from the Sun, Australia gets more direct sunlight which causes summer for them and winter for Utah.
Phases of the Moon
There are eight important phases of the moon you need to know. There is the full moon, new moon, waxing gibbous, first quarter, waxing crescent, waning crescent, third quarter, and waning gibbous.